Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines - 857 Words

Writing Handout E-5: Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines Structuring a Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay A persuasive essay is simply a writer’s attempt to convince readers of the validity of a particular opinion on a controversial issue. The following steps should help you write a persuasive essay. 1. Carefully select a topic Choose a topic that interests you. An argument does not have to be a burning issue, but it must be a debatable topic. It can be anything you feel strongly about. 2. Identify the controversy Your introduction should clarify the controversy or issue. Your thesis states your position on the issue. You must take a stand on the issue. 3. Provide support The body paragraphs of the essay should provide†¦show more content†¦It is not uncommon to see a boxer leave the ring with a cut on his face, an eye swollen shut, and a nose enlarged and bloody. Often, healing in is incomplete because these areas receive the same blows again and again in other matches. 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Energy Drinks And The European Market Essay - 733 Words

Energy drinks were very popular in Asia long before they overtook the American and European market. In 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz tried his first tonic drink in Hong Kong and came up with the idea to introduce these drinks to Europe. In 1984, he established the Red Bull company and started selling Red Bull Energy Drink on the Austrian market in 1987. These days, Red Bull is sold in 164 countries. Since 1987, around 30 billion cans of Red Bull have been consumed, more than 4.6 billion in 2011 (RedBull). After Red Bull became very popular, other brands of energy drinks filled up the shelves of stores. These include Monster, Rockstar, Full Throttle, Amp, Sobe Adrenaline Rush, Rip it, BooKoo, Von Dutch, and No fear. Energy drink companies target mostly young consumers, and in order to gain a success, they make attractive packaging and slogans. 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CSR Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development Free Essays

string(127) " noticing the amount of power the directors of the companies hold and that direct relationship to their remuneration packages\." Introduction 1. Background Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is not a recent development or trend, it has been around for centuries, but due to recent events such as globalisation spreading both benefits and shortcomings to economic development it has become a hot topic. CSR is a broad area of discussion and could include many areas like, the community; the environment; and the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on CSR: Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can then be further broken down into international; national; country; industry sector or company. Thus instead of looking at the whole of CSR, it is best to extrapolate it into key areas, of which the rest of this paper will focus on the environmental aspect of CSR. In order for this to be done an overview of CSR with its early beginnings along with why it has been developed needs to first be analysed. This would include the early work of individuals such as the Cadbury family. Based on the nature of CSR, there are several definitions of it and these will be looked at explaining the different areas of it. People are becoming more aware of their surroundings and are beginning to question the decisions being taken by companies, if it is the ethically correct decisions or just the most profitable. The environment again is a large area of research with plenty of legislature and regulations. The next section will look into the key bodies involved with the environment, what protocols and policies are set into practice, and how this affects the general public company. The reason for the public company is because they are more regulated than a private company. Another reason is in a private company, the director and the owner could be the same person, therefore they are acting in their own self-interest. A coin has two sides, as does CSR; those fore and those against it. Academics such as Friedman and Samuelson’s work are discussed as well as recent history showing corporate failure. With the current talks of global warming and climate changes, it is necessary to mention these in any CSR report. This paper then tackles the question of climate financing. The research goes on to explain the what; how and why climate finance is done. This is then evidenced through a case study illustrating a company that practices CSR from within the company. The case study then explains several different climate financing opportunities that have been recognised through partnerships across the world. There is only one planet earth, and the time is now for each to take responsibility for their actions and give back some small portion towards restoration and healing for what has been taken for granted over the centuries. A small sacrifice today will save tomorrow; if everyone keeps to this thought. 2. Thoughts on CSR Over the years, CSR has been defined in many ways each according to the author; however the underlying essence is always the same that is to take responsibility, and act in an ethically expected manner. A broad definition of CSR is a company taking responsibility for its actions from its course of business. This action is in terms of society and the environment, the larger portion of the stakeholders. CSR is a very broad subject and can include human resources; environment issues; sustainable development; waste management and health and safety practices (www.cbi.org.uk). CSR can be voluntary or legislative bound, depending on the country and their laws. Hopkins definition of CSR is that it is concerned with treating the stakeholders of a business ethically and in a responsible manner in a civilised society. This definition looks at social as both economic and environmental responsibility. He goes on to state that stakeholders form within the organisation as well as out; this would include the community. The bottom line is to create a better and higher standard of living for the stakeholders whilst still maintaining a profitable organisation (Hopkins, 2009). 3.OVERVIEW Early days to csr CSR has been around for many centuries, some citing’s from as early as the 1800’s include the work of Robert Owen; the Cadbury family and Sir Titus Salt (Hoskins, 2008). The philosophy laid down by them is still in practice in today’s business world. Robert Owen believed that an individual’s environment has a direct impact on their personality, thus he created a community for his employees of the textile factory. This included houses and schools. He also set certain standards regarding a working day that it should be 12 hours long; young children were to attend nursery and infant schooling, while the other children including those that worked at the factory, had to attend secondary schooling (Hoskins, 2008). George Cadbury, two decades later added to Owen’s philosophy, by providing housing, education, training, pension and medical schemes for his then 2,500 employees in the factory (Hoskins, 2008). Their decisions came about either through religion, the Cadbury’s being Quakers, or from the simple business frame of mind, that workers that were happy on the home front, with less burdens, will be more productive workers, which entails better profit margins. Owen’s work influenced politicians and later Parliament, where in 1832, the law for children under the age of 18 years was amended to a maximum working day of 10 hours, and in 1870 the Education Act made it compulsory for all children in the UK to have access to education (Hoskins, 2008). why Due to things such as climate change; global warming; rights of an individual; people are becoming more aware and conscience of what they are doing. The power of people such as directors has also come into the public eye; the directors are the minority people but with the mass power and are they doing the moral and ethically correct thing when it comes to the running of a business. There are several reasons as to why CSR has come about; the most important are highlighted below. The shareholder The shareholder started noticing the amount of power the directors of the companies hold and that direct relationship to their remuneration packages. You read "CSR: Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development" in category "Essay examples" The shareholder is the ultimate owner of the company, but the director is managing the company, the question to whose benefit has been raised. The shareholders having seen situations where the directors have acted in their self-interest and not the company, decided to take action, by forming several committees within a company, so that no one individual has monopoly over decisions. It is due to this that companies now have a remuneration committee; audit committee; and corporate governance committee. Company failures such as Enron, have made shareholders more aware of the power directors hold. Globalisation There have been large co-operations that have been dominating in the developing countries. Through their power they have been exploiting these countries, and taking no responsibility for their actions. It has been through activists demonstrating at World Summits that have brought attention to this. These companies exploited developing countries and economies through cheaper labour; degradation on land and in some instances toxic waste polluting the water. Political initiatives Things such as the Kyoto protocols and REACH (Research, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) have made countries more aware of the environment, and the damage being done. Government have changed their outlook on businesses understanding that without businesses taking ownership for their part of it, and with no legislature expectations, this is the only way to get positive outcomes. The Kyoto protocols have made countries aware of the development of environmental and global warming. Even if countries are not part of the Kyoto, they are making the companies aware of their responsibilities. REACH is an organisation that protects the environment from new chemicals; their outlook is that if a new product is considered to have a long-term hazardous effect on the environment, it is best to not put this product into the market, this includes pesticides and rodenticides (Hoskins, 2008). 4. CSR – How: The environment A statement including the environment or regarding the environment is a very broad area of discussion, but this can be narrowed by the companies environment, government, state and even individual’s environment. CSR is a global practice, however legislature over CSR varies from country to country, where only some parts to it are being practiced or is expected by law. Therefore it has been left up to organisations to decide if they wish to engage in CSR and to what extent. The government cannot force the area as it is not law to conform to CSR; however companies are asked if they are in compliance with such protocols as mentioned below. Some countries don’t consider CSR as important as Corporate Social Investment (CSI), that it is more important to invest in the community that will reap the rewards than to consider it a responsibility. Such is the case in South Africa where CSI by definition is the outreach to the community and social development without the intention of generating business income (Brown). The saying of ‘take it with a pinch of salt’, is appropriate here, if adopting a Friedman approach. However as Samuelson stated this is the way forward of business. If a business, whose sole purpose is to gain in profits, is doing something with no intention of gaining in business income, it defeats the purpose of a business. What this definition lacks to point out is that businesses do generate income from this sort of ‘advertising’, in an indirect manner. The business is not out in the community advertising its business and its products, but what it is doing is advertising its b usiness doing well in a community. This makes the community feel happy and appreciative of the act being done, and so subconsciously that community will take its business towards that company playing its part in CSI. For example if this company is a bank, this community might decide to move their accounts to this particular bank, or if it was an insurance company, and people in the community were thinking about taking out life, disability or any sort of insurance, they will most probably use this company. Therefore even though these companies are investing into these communities, without the intention of business income, they reap the rewards of indirect business. Over the years there has been considerable damage to the environment through the advancement of the individuals’ needs; with the first major issue being advertised was the hole in the ozone layer. Since then becoming ‘environmentally friendly’ has become a serious issue, with people changing their habits; trying to reduce their carbon footprint, and doing good by the environment. Businesses are now taking responsibility for their actions in several ways; those organisations that have been operating in developing countries, and making use of the cheaper resources there, have now started giving back to these countries through building schools and development centres in these locations, some even go as far as building hospitals. They are giving these communities education and health care. Some companies have a policy for recycling and rebuilding forests. These are just a few aspects that have been done, in the chapter to follow a more detailed look of climate financing and its impact. Due to the degradation of the environment over the centuries, organisations with the best interest of the environment have become more vocal about the needs and wants of the environment. This can be viewed from an aerial view of the world, the continents and then the countries within. At each level there are environmental legislature, regulations and protocols; policies and certifications that need to be adhered to. A summary of the most important protocols are mentioned in the Table below. This is broken down into the world governed by the United Nations (UN); then the continent or area, in this case the European Union (EU), and finally country specific which here is the United Kingdom (UK). These rules and regulations generally have more of an impact on public companies because they are governed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The bottom line to climate change and its impact to a business are on its profit. Businesses and its stakeholders have to weigh out the cost benefit analysis of climate change on development and growth of the organisation. These companies will have to now comply with emission control systems regulating the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) they let out into the atmosphere, which will have a direct impact on the company’s capital expenditure in order to have the correct equipment, and hence its profit. Such companies will include refineries and power plants (Fontinelle). The amount of GHG let out into the atmosphere will be noted in a database and monitored. According to EU ETS, companies will be given a limit of these gases, they are allowed to release, and once the company has reached its limit, it will have to pay for credits from other countries in order to release anymore gases. This credit based system can be bought and sold amongst countries, allowing countries with a low emission level a chance to boost its economy through selling its extra credits. Even in a situation concerning the environment, everything has a price to it. Companies that need to purchase extra credits will want to minimise its effects on the profit margin therefore, they would most probably increase their prices of the goods and services it offers. These goods and services could be used by those same countries that sold their extra credits, which then cancels off their profits from selling the credits. Weather patterns are another area of climate change that affects businesses. There could be severe storms in certain areas, and then extreme to that, droughts in other parts of the world, both effecting agricultural life. Countries that are exporters of these goods might not have crops to harvest, and then if they do have smaller crops due to weather changes, they could increase that price in order to make up for the shortfall. Insurance companies could be facing major losses due to climate change, and could possibly be thinking of relooking at their current policies. Things that were covered as natural disasters and the ‘act of Go d’, which was not frequent events, is now becoming more frequent with global warming, and insurance companies have to pay out on many insurance policies. The effect of both the climate change and the price increase of the products can leave consumers seeking alternatives or even not needing such items anymore. If temperatures have increased and countries are not facing sever winters anymore, then the industry supplying items such as heaters, and winter clothing might not be required to the same degree, and thus could face closure. A company’s reputation is also at risk. If a company so chooses not to go ahead with these policies, for a ‘greener, eco-friendly’ option, its clients as well as its business partners could be jeopardised. The image portrayed will be that of deliberately damaging the environment instead of preserving it. In any organisation there is a lot of competition and clients or consumers in these organisations can easily more from one competitor to another, thus each business needs to have a sound business plan if it does not want to lose consumers to its competitors. Table 1 (Hoskins, 2008) Companies have taken these above protocols into account, and have begun projects throughout the world to reduce the negative impact it has had on the environment. One of the ways of this being implemented is through climate financing, which is discussed in the following section. 5. The other side of the coin The forerunners on CSR have been Milton Friedman and Paul A Samuelson, with Friedman against and Samuelson for CSR. According to Davies, in his approach of weighing out the advantages and disadvantages of CSR, the approach taken by business cannot end where the law ends, if a company does not do any more than the minimum, then society breaks away from that company and associates with companies that are doing more for the community (Davis, 1973). His case for CSR includes long run self-interest; viability of business; avoidance of government regulation and sociocultural norms. He continues to add that there are reasons why CSR is not a good policy to adopt, he points out Friedman’s profit maximization, where mangers are acting on behalf of shareholders just to maximise profits; that cost of social investment could drive out many medium size business and the lack of accountability the business has on the community, therefore it really is not wise to give them such power with no accountability. According to Karnani, CSR can only work efficiently if it is government imposed and regulated (Karnani, 2010). Karnani points out that the firms are only interested in profit maximization and it only appears that they are interested in social responsibility. This is carried through in the example of fast food restaurants, that now also offer healthier options on fast foods, but this is just done to gain a wider part of the market, and ultimately increase profits, it is not done for the greater good on human kind. Another example is of the motor industry; developing energy efficient models. This does have a positive impact on the environment, but according to Karnani, the only reason for such production is profit maximisation (Karnani, 2010). If CSR was government imposed, firms will not have a choice and will have to sacrifice that portion of profits towards social responsibility. It will also be streamlined across the industry that is if government impose a percentage on profit as t he proportion to social responsibility, all firms in that market sector and size will be reaching out to the community and environment in the same monetary value. This will then not leave one firm at a disadvantage to the next, and allowing it to lose its competitive advantage. Corporate responsibility cannot be complete without a mention of Enron. This was one of the single largest failures in United States of America’s history. This organisation once promoted its core values of respect, integrity and excellence, was ultimately brought down through its weak financial foundations and a web of deceit (Enron, The Ultimate lesson in Irresponsibility, 2003). The poor business decisions through failed deals and projects that accounted to billions of dollars in debt were falsely hidden in special purpose vehicles. Enron was audited by Arthur Anderson auditing firm, and they too allowed this to continue, or were pressured to ignoring it, with citing on them shredding documentation (Baker, 2007). 6. how crs: CLIMATE FINANCING Definition Climate change is something that is impacting on every individual throughout the world, and thus countries and stakeholders are seeing the importance of establishing long term goals and plans to offset some of the damage already done on the environment (Halsnaes Shukla, 2007). Countries and stakeholders are not just following protocols and policies set by for example the UN, Kyoto or Copenhagen; they are in fact doing what they can when and where possible, understanding that this needs to be a wide spread participation. This is discussed later through the case study on Standard Bank Global and their projects throughout Africa and the partnership with Australia and Germany. The Christian Aid defined climate financing as part of a compensation for the damage done by the rich countries over the past 2 centuries through industrialisation and economic growth (The Christian Aid, 2009). By definition a developing country is lagging in technology and resources hence making it a developing country. Climate financing is to assist these developing countries to continue developing and growing their economies, but with a lower carbon emission, by using more natural gases and solar energy. Ways to Climate Financing Climate financing can be done in several ways, most depending on the government and stakeholders opinions on what is most needed. This question will be answered from a business point of view, that is with cost benefit analysis done and the impact on profit margins both in the short and long term as these financing options should have long term goal strategies to them. Financing could occur in the most direct form through reduction of GHG or indirectly through water and sanitation of villages; restoration of shorelines, forest conservation and agriculture, to name just a few. 7. CASE STUDIES The best way to understand and illustrate the work of CSR and of climate finance is through actual examples. Through this both the benefits and costs will be shown. The case study selected is Standard Bank of South Africa (SBSA), which is one of the largest banks in South Africa, with interests in Africa; South America and the United Kingdom. SBSA being part of the financial services have both direct and indirect impacts on society and the environment. This is managed indirectly through screening corporate loans, ensuring their customers manage the social and environmental risks associated with their activities, and directly through business activities that are more energy efficient and carbon footprint reducing (Standard Bank, 2010). They have become members of World Wildlife Fund South Africa (WWF-SA) and of the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI). These global partnerships occurred in 2010. SBSA promotes environment responsibility from within. Carbon Financing SBSA recognise that through global advancement and development, the environment may not have always been a high level priority however with climate changes; it has now become an important part on the agenda. The African continent as well as other emerging markets is more likely to cause more damage unto the environment for the sake of development, than the developed nations, and it is through this reason that SBSA are in constant discussions regarding ways to best assist African nations to adapt with climate changes, without forsaking their economic development. These discussions are with governments to these countries as well as external parties interested in becoming partners on such campaigns. These campaigns include managing water stress and the degradation of agricultural land. On a broader aspect, SBSA are participating on initiatives to internalise the cost of climate change and generate carbon prices through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and financing energy efficient projects in Africa to overcome energy shortages and generate tradable carbon credits (Standard Bank, 2010). CDM is part of the Kyoto Protocol, which allows countries to develop emission reduction projects in developing countries, thereby allowing these countries to sell these credits which can be counted towards their Kyoto target (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). An indirect effect of CDM is the creation of new revenue, access to energy, job creation and technology transfer, all areas of importance in the African continent for growth and development. Carbon financing and trading SBSA is a financial institution and through this has financed carbon markets in Africa and South East Asia totalling 20m tonnes of GHG’s, 2010. They have now partnered with the United Nations Environment Programme and the German government’s climate initiative to form the African Carbon Asset Development Facility (ACAD), which provides financial and technical assistance to developers committed to low carbon development as well as education and training to institutions in order to bring Africa as a key member of the carbon market. Carbon Financing Deals SBSA have been involved in several carbon financing deals, these include partnerships with Australian and African companies. A few of the most recent transactions have been highlighted below. COOL NRG The Australian based Cool nrg is a company known for its resources to reduce energy consumption on a large scale. Cool nrg has developed and managed a programme in Mexico, with energy efficient light bulbs; this is the first of such programmes under the Kyoto Protocols. SBSA have partnered with Cool nrg in 2010, with funding and will purchase up to 19% of carbon credits. SBSA also intend on using the Mexican model in Africa, on low income households, reducing the cost of energy on them. The by-product of this is CO2 emissions reduction and creating energy security (Standard Bank, 2010). HAND-HELD LED LIGHTS – TANZANIA SBSA ventured into Tanzania on another carbon financing deal. This deal was replacing kerosene lamps with hand held light emitting diode (LED) lights. The deal was funded through buying the carbon credits that were generated through the large scale replacement of fossil fuel lighting. This was introduced to 1.5 million homes in Tanzania, which not only increased the average household annual income by $150, but is much safer than using kerosene, both to the environment and the individuals who suffer from severe burns, and respiratory problems from inhalation of the gas. The expected national savings was $200 million and Tanzania’s GHG’s emissions reduced by 700 000 metric tonnes (Standard Bank, 2010). KENYA POWER AND LIGHTING COMPANY In 2010, SBSA and Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) have gone into a five year partnership. This is part of the clean energy projects from the UN’s CDM. A total of 1.3 million free energy saving light bulbs were distributed across East Africa, this initiative have reduced their electricity demand by 45 megawatts (Standard Bank, 2010). ZOOMLION GHANA SBSA and Ghana’s leading waste management company, Zoomlion Ghana, have signed agreements for the forward sale of carbon credits. This is through the emission reductions of methane gas from the decomposition of organic waste. Refuse will no longer be dumped in a waste dump, but will be moved to a solid waste sorting and composting facility, located in Greater Accra. The anticipation of this agreement is that in 2011, an average of 300 tonnes of daily waste will be processed, with this doubling by 2013 (Standard Bank, 2010). SOLAR WATER HEATING In South Africa, there is only one provider of electricity, that is Eskom, therefore the people of South Africa have no choice but to give a large portion of their daily income towards their electricity bills. Due to the ever increasing price of electricity, and low income households unable to continue paying these bills, the South African government have committed to installing 1 million solar water heaters in low income households, by the end of 2014. This will allow these people to no longer be cold, the pressure of the national electricity grid will be reduced, and CO2 emissions will also be reduced. In 2010 SABA along with The Solar Academy of Sub-Saharan Africa and International Carbon came together to have 230 000 solar water heaters installed in various municipalities. SBSA are providing the finance; funding the CDM registration and underwriting the carbon purchase until 2020 (Standard Bank, 2010). SBSA is an example of an organisation that practices CSR within its business framework as well as external. It expects the same standard from its partners in business, which is a good standing for other organisations to follow. 8. SUMMARY CSR is viewed in many ways as the various definitions and academics haven proven. It is through this that the debate on CSR will continue to grow. The essence of the recent development of CSR has come about due to mistrust in the directors of major companies, as well as more climate awareness amongst individuals. The stakeholders of these companies have started to question the directors long term plans, and to whose benefit these plans are for, whether the plans of the business; the director the environment are all in sync, or with such power; has these long term plans become more skewed towards self-fulfilment. The ultimate goal for these companies is to be creating as much value as possible. By companies doing more than just complying with regulations, and taking the initiatives to pledge to community and environmental upgrading, they will be winning back the trust of their stakeholders, and this will ultimately lead to a successful business. Different countries have different business and cultural approaches, and CSR will never be practiced the same in each country. The principal behind CSR however should be universal, just the same as the reason for a business to exist, is to make a profit. References 1. Alert Net The Worlds Humanitarian News Site. (n.d.). Retrieved May 30, 2011, from Alert Net Web site: http://www.trust.org/alertnet/blogs/climate-conversations/climate-finance-after-mobilisation-then-what 2. Baker, M. (2007, October 7). Corporate Social Responsibility. Retrieved May 27, 2011, from Corporate Social Responsibilty Web site: http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/enron.html 3. Brown, A. (n.d.). CSI or CSR – Are you a Learning NPORetrieved May 8, 2011, from http://www.sangonet.org.za/conf2010/article/csi-or-csr-are-you-learning-npo 4. CBI The Voice of The Business. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2011, from CBI The Voice of The Business Web site: http://www.cbi.org.uk/ndbs/content.nsf/802737AED3E3420580256706005390AE/9D502144AC9F644380256F58005BD16C 5. Davis, K. (1973). The Case For and Against Business Assumption of Social Responsibility. Academy of Mangement Journal, 312-322. 6. Enron, The Ultimate lesson in Irresponsibility. (2003). Strategic Direction, 10-13. 7. Fontinelle, E. (n.d.). Investopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2011, from Investopedia Web site: http://financialedge.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0210/7-Ways-Climate-Change-Affects-Companies.aspx 8. Halsnaes, K., Shukla, P. (2007). Sustainable development as a framework for developing country participation in international climate change policies. Springer Science + Business Media. 9. Hopkins, M. (2009). Corporate Social Responsiblity International Development. London: Earthscan. 10. Hoskins, T. (2008). The ICSA Corporate Social Responsibility Handbook. London: ICSA Information Training Ltd. 11. Karnani, A. (2010). The Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility. The Wall Street Journal. 12. Standard Bank. (2010). Retrieved May 28, 2011, from Standard Bank Sustainability Web site: https://sustainability.standardbank.com/environment/ 13. The Christian Aid. (2009, July). Retrieved May 20, 2011, from The Christian Aid Web site: http://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/signposts-climate-finance.pdf 14. The Economist. (2005). Retrieved May 20, 2011, from The Economist Web site: http://www.economist.com/node/1491618 15. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2011, from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Web site: http://unfccc.int/2860.php 16. Visser, W., Tolhurst, N. (2010). The World Guide to CSR, A Country-by-Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility. Sheffield: Greenleaf How to cite CSR: Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development, Essay examples

Global Entry Strategy free essay sample

There are two types of exporting: passive and aggressive. A passive exporter waits for overseas orders to come in while an aggressive exporter develops market entry strategies. An example of successful implementation of passive exporting would be the â€Å"sellers† on eBay. They are able to advertise their products on eBay and wait for orders to come in. There are sellers and buyers from all over the world interacting. eBay has successfully used the information technology explosion to go global through e-commerce. Dell has also successfully implemented the globalization strategy by being fully integrated. Dell has factories in Ireland Brazil, China, Malaysia, Tennessee, and Texas and it has an assembly and delivery system from 47 locations around the world (Deresky, 2008, page 222). Regionalization, on the other hand is a global entry strategy in which business link their local markets to a particular region, thereby allowing more local responsiveness and specialization (Deresky, 2008, page 221). This strategy is more effective when your products or services need to be adjusted to adequately meet the needs of the local customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Entry Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A discussion of Wal-Marts failures (Deresky, 2008, page 203) clearly illustrates the need for some companies to fully understand and address the differences of cultures in different regions. For example, in Seoul, the typical housewife does not own her own car and takes the subway to shop. Therefore, Walmart’s American style of offering large amounts of goods packaged in bulk would not interest a housewife in Seoul. Also, the racks in Korea needed to be shortened so that shoppers there could shop without needing ladders to reach items that were too high. In regionalized companies top managers within each region run their subsidiaries as quasi-independent organizations, making them more responsive to the needs of their customers. A great example of a successful regionalization strategy are McDonald’s, which has restaurants in 119 different countries, and Yum! Brands (Brandau, 2011), including Taco Bell, KFC, and Pizza Hut. Yum! Brands is so successful, in fact, they are now developing new markets in India, Russia, and Africa. In 2010 60% of their new restaurants were in emerging markets (Yum! Brands RSC). It is more common for businesses to utilize some level of regionalization even when using predominantly a globalization strategy. Car makers may make almost the exact same car in different world markets, but they will still have to have the steering wheel on the left or right, depending on country they are serving. In advertising campaigns, some ads will not translate successfully from one language to another. Bibliography Brandau, M. (2011, September 9). China: A look at strategies from McDonals Yum! Brands. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from Nations Restaurant News: http://nrn. om/article/china-look-strategies-mcdonalds-yum-brands Deresky, H. (2008). International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Toyotas Globalization Strategies. (n. d. ). Retrieved January 23, 2012, from http://www. icmrindia. org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/BSTR094. htm Yi, H. (2009, January 12). Crafting a Successful Globalization Busienss Stra tegy. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from http://www. lingomedium. com/wordpress/crafting-a-successful-globalization-business-strategy-195

Theater Experience Essays - Startup Cult, Nelle A. Coley

Theater Experience Ok, so the only reason I joined theater class was because I needed an easy A. A blow-off class of some sort, to balance out the rest of my schedule. I got much more than that. I am taking with me a sense of self-worth, and confidence. I acquired the ability to think on my feet, and the motivation to get up and do something when faced with a new situation, not just giggle and turn red. The biggest thing, I think, is the ability to just talk to people and not be worried about what they think. After all, I can't be embarrassed after I think about some of the stuff that I did this year in front of the class. I found that I can go ahead and talk to someone I don't know, instead of just standing there, awkwardly. After spending five weeks on improvisation during the first semester, I can think on my feet. It also gives me something to do when the telemarketers call. I can think of something to say when I'm talking to one of dad's clients. And of course, if someone gets into a situation that they can't quite explain, I can whip up a story in no time flat, (not that I would ever get into trouble or anything). After taking the class, I never have my back to someone when I'm talking. I can project, (sort of). I know what Snagglepus is talking about when he says "Exit, stage right!" Stage fright is no longer a big thing for me. I can play a crazy role very well. I can talk in British and Russian accents, (..."Daahlink, ve must get moose and skverrl!"). I can pick out bad actors/actresses in movies and shows. I have a deep respect for the theater arts. I am not much of an actress, but I love being backstage, all stressed out, trying to iron out all the last minute wrinkles before the show. Being in theater class introduced me to Theatre Club, which gave me a chance to be a part of this year's production. I was glad to do everything from pinning up costumes, to reprogramming the light board for the fifty-eighth time, to just being the gopher, or listening to a nervous actress go over her dramatic solo one last time. It's just knowing that I am part of the whole thing, working with so many people for so long, then watching it all come together. Backstage craft wasn't a big part of the class, but the relationship/every-one-is-a-link-universal-truth part of it was an undertone lesson throughout the whole class. When we had to work with people that we had known all our lives, but had never talked to before, and create something; that was cool. Through theater class, I got introduced to the lighting and sound room, which I love. I guess it's a power trip, or something, but I just feel good knowing that I am the first female student to ever run the school's light board. I like being in charge, and being able to lock the door, and not let anyone in. Next year, I will have to train a sophomore to take over my job, before I graduate, which seems pretty scary, and puts my remaining high school timeframe in perspective. I have tried to outline some of random thoughts about the past year's third hour class. It wasn't the blow-off class I was expecting, and it helped me get through a few of my other classes. In college, I may pursue the backstage positions, but honestly, I don't think that theater will be a major part in my life as I go riding off into the sunset, but I've enjoyed it all the same.

Free Essays on Roop

I'll always remember Sudden. That was the nickname the men had tacked onto the muscled giant that wielded the M60 in my unit. "Sudden" was short for "Sudden Death." And I'll always remember the first time I saw Sudden in action. I was a new, green Lieutenant assigned to Vietnam. Back then, the Army didn't try to develop any esprit de corp; men were rotated frequently before any friendships developed. Consequently, my men were a group of strangers united only by the need to survive. They were eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds with the eyes of old men. We were stationed near the Plateau du Darlac, South Vietnam. My first real assignment was to check a tiny hamlet, Dien Hoa. Army Intelligence believed the Viet Cong were operating from Dien Hoa. Our job was to determine if that was correct. We rode an olive-drab chopper. The whooping blades of the helicopter give us a little respite from the relentless heat of 'Nam; the blades cut the thick, humid air and pushed a breeze downward over the passenger compartment. Soon, we circled the LZ. The LZ looked cold. There's only one way to find out if it is really cold, I thought as I double checked my M16. If no one zapped us when we entered, it was cold. If they did, it wasn't. "Lock and load," I yelled. The olive-drab helicopter circled low and slowed down until it almost hovered four feet from the ground. The door gunner mashed the spade grips on his .30 caliber M60 machine gun. The gun spewed bullets, its belt marching the ammunition into the gun over a Budwiser can, the container added to the mechanism to prevent jamming. It was time to jump off the skids while we skimmed above the surface of the lush, green valley. My stomach felt like it was turning wrong-side-out inside my abdomen. We dropped into the elephant grass, stumbling under heavy packs and the weight of ammo and weapons. I vaguely wondered about snakes and hoped my groan upon hitting the ground was drowned ... Free Essays on Roop Free Essays on Roop I'll always remember Sudden. That was the nickname the men had tacked onto the muscled giant that wielded the M60 in my unit. "Sudden" was short for "Sudden Death." And I'll always remember the first time I saw Sudden in action. I was a new, green Lieutenant assigned to Vietnam. Back then, the Army didn't try to develop any esprit de corp; men were rotated frequently before any friendships developed. Consequently, my men were a group of strangers united only by the need to survive. They were eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds with the eyes of old men. We were stationed near the Plateau du Darlac, South Vietnam. My first real assignment was to check a tiny hamlet, Dien Hoa. Army Intelligence believed the Viet Cong were operating from Dien Hoa. Our job was to determine if that was correct. We rode an olive-drab chopper. The whooping blades of the helicopter give us a little respite from the relentless heat of 'Nam; the blades cut the thick, humid air and pushed a breeze downward over the passenger compartment. Soon, we circled the LZ. The LZ looked cold. There's only one way to find out if it is really cold, I thought as I double checked my M16. If no one zapped us when we entered, it was cold. If they did, it wasn't. "Lock and load," I yelled. The olive-drab helicopter circled low and slowed down until it almost hovered four feet from the ground. The door gunner mashed the spade grips on his .30 caliber M60 machine gun. The gun spewed bullets, its belt marching the ammunition into the gun over a Budwiser can, the container added to the mechanism to prevent jamming. It was time to jump off the skids while we skimmed above the surface of the lush, green valley. My stomach felt like it was turning wrong-side-out inside my abdomen. We dropped into the elephant grass, stumbling under heavy packs and the weight of ammo and weapons. I vaguely wondered about snakes and hoped my groan upon hitting the ground was drowned ...

British Airways Performance Analysis Assignment - 1

British Airways Performance Analysis - Assignment Example The above ratios reveal the comparative performance of BA for the two years under consideration. Profitability- wise operating profit ratio has registered a commendable performance in 2008 as compared to 2007. In fact ‘the operating profit margin measures the percentage of each sales dollar remaining after all cost other than interest, taxes, and preferred stock dividend are deducted. It represents pure profits earned on each dollar.†(Lawrence J Gitman, page 67) The performance of BA has been excellent raising its operating profit ratio from 7.09% in 2007 to 10% in 2008 despite the fact that the rise in revenue is merely 3%. In the year 2007 total revenue was  £ 8492m and that has risen only to  £ 8753m. The extremely good profitability performance is again corroborated by the fact that return on equity has gone up from a mere 8.39% to 21.74%. Such a large increase in return on equity is remarkable when the total equity has risen from  £ 2411m in 2007 to  £ 3233m. Overall BA has performed extremely well on profitability front. Liquidity has been a problem for BA in both years. Liquidity reflects the short term solvency situation of a company. Liquidity position provides an idea about whether the company is in a position to meet its short term obligations when those become due. Liquidity of a company is aptly reflected by its current ratio. The current ratio of 2:1 is considered optimum for any industry, but this standard again differs from industry to industry. BA has a current ratio of 0.95: 1 in 2007 and 0.97:1 in 2008. By any standard, the current ratio is much lower than the required standard. BA is facing a liquidity crunch and if it continues like this BA might face difficulties in meeting its short term obligations. Current ratio change in 2008 when compared to 2007 is not even noticeable. The contributing major factors to the deteriorating the liquid position of BA are current interest-bearing deposits that have depleted from  £ 1642m in 2007 to  £ 1181m in 2008. Liquidity is certainly a cause of concern for BA.  

The Influence of Marketing Channels on the Marketing Mix Essay

The Influence of Marketing Channels on the Marketing Mix - Essay Example The marketing channel includes every aspect of the business, from the product concept to the guarantee of its value or usefulness. There are two essential parts of a marketing channel namely the physical distribution structure which moves a product from the manufacturer to the consumer, and the marketing structure which is meant to ensure the achievement of marketing objectives. When a manufacturer designs a product to offer to the market (goods or services) he/she will consider first what are the customer needs to be addressed, what benefits will satisfy these needs and thus what features the product design should contain so as to deliver these benefits. The good manufacturer will employ this process of product definition, in the order above. Manufacturers stand at the top of the supply chain and can use a variety of sales, marketing, and physical distribution systems to connect their products with customers. Since the marketing channel is such a comprehensive concept which forms the relationship between the manufacturer, the distributor and the consumer, every aspect of the marketing channel affects the products or services mix, the distribution mix, or the communications mix. Suppliers and distributors have a great influence on the success of a firm. Distribution issues come into play heavily in deciding brand level strategies. In order to maintain one's brand image, it may be essential that retailers and other channel members provide certain services such as warranty repairs and carrying a large assortment of accessories.  Ã‚  

Critical review on non-traditional method of requirement gathering Literature

Critical on non-traditional method of requirement gathering - Literature review Example While the authors did not replicate previous research, they illustrate the importance of this concept via the issuance of a case study that explores multiple methods that can be utilised when promoting enterprise system development (Shen 2004). This is a critical concept to understand as it is essential to select the correct resources and tools before any given organisation begins the process developing a business model that can be useful to their operations moving forward. To illustrate this, the authors do a highly effective job of discussing each of the significant modelling methods and techniques that the modern day business has to choose from in this regard today. Through the analysis of the case study, this paper further demonstrates that enterprise information systems should not be viewed as a stagnant, but rather as a constantly evolving process that can greatly be impacted by today’s increasingly technological and global business landscape. When this is taken account, the study does demonstrate that such business modelling methods can provide a solid base to build upon in terms of meeting the requirements of further enhancing existing enterprise

Humans Are Selfish By Nature. Discuss.

Humans Are Selfish By Nature. Discuss. Humans are selfish by nature is a generalisation which is both refuted and supported by religions and moral codes around the world. However, from my experience as a learner, I believe that the validity of this statement is subjective, a matter of personal interpretation; as with many other ethical and moral issues in our lives. I have selected Christianity and Scientology to illustrate two major perspectives on this, and I believe they can both be considered to validate this quote, although in very different ways. The first discrepancy of this statement arises when we consider what is meant by the word, selfish. According to the Collins dictionary, to be selfish is to be unduly concerned with personal profit or pleasure  [1]  . Already this is a subjective matter, because who decides what degree of personal regard is unduly, or excessive, and thus considered selfish? The alternative viewpoint exists in the Webster 1913 dictionary where selfishness is described as believingthe chief motives of human action are derived from love of self  [2]  . This definition can be considered to reflect a more positive opinion, because love of self implies general respect for ones well being, instead of egotism. I believe that in our society we are generally expected to accept the word of authority to be an appropriate way of finding truth, but the variations between these two authoritative sources make me question whether or not it is the most effective way of finding truth about selfishness. Is it ri ght therefore, to simply accept what one reads in a chemistry textbook as concrete fact? I believe such inconsistencies should encourage us to ask questions as learners, because it is always possible that an authoritative, educational source might be mistaken! Another way of finding truth about this is through faith. Are humans selfish, in light of either definition, as a result of nature? If we are to accept the Collins definition of the word and apply it to Christianity, then I believe the answer is yes. Selfishness is mentioned in The Bible as being a false way of obtaining wisdom or truth, informing believers that where you haveselfish ambition, there you will find disorder and every other evil practice[because] such wisdom does not come down from heaven but isof the devil  [3]  . This implies that selfishness is not only a trait of mankind, but rather a sinful way of knowing instead of obtaining truth through God, or faith, and serving others. Thus, the validity of the statement, humans are selfish by nature, in terms of Christianity comes down to; are people sinners by nature? For believers, The Bible also provides the answer to this just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sinin this way death came to a ll men, because all sinned  [4]  . This informs followers that we are all born as sinners, and thus by faith in The Bible and the belief that selfishness is a sin, humans are indeed selfish by nature. Even the most selfless or perhaps godly of acts can be considered selfish. For example, if I was to complete my service hours for CAS purely for my personal ambition of completing the IB diploma, I would actually be considered selfish and thus sinful, because I am applying wisdomof the devil. If this is true for the Collins definition of selfish, then what did Webster mean by, love of self? According to L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, it means to maintainconfidence in self[because] what is true for you is what you have observed yourself  [5]  . This code thus asks its believers not to find truth by faith, but rather through personal perception. This principle can be considered selfish according the Webster definition, or even by the Collins definition if someone else perceives this personal regard to be unduly, as everyones truth is different and no consideration is given to anyone elses perspective. But is this principle selfish by nature or nurture? This can be answered in some form through young children, because they very often act as a result of nature, or instinct, as opposed to developed habits  [6]  . For example, when I was about four years old, the ball I was playing with rolled onto my road. My first instinct was not to check for cars, but to re trieve the ball because that was the only object I was able to perceive at the time. By nature, I believed there was no risk because I assumed that the ball, which was of utmost importance to me in that instance, was equally as significant for everyone else. It was only when I learned from my parents, figures of authority, that it is dangerous to cross the road without looking that I began to doubt myself. This shows I naturally had a selfish view of the world because of my own biased perception, and it is only when perceived authoritative figures offer an alternative perspective that we doubt ourselves. Hubbard believes that nurturing this self-doubt, and in this context selflessness, means you have lost everything, because you no longer respect your own personal perception of the world. However, I believe that if we did not have the ability to consider other peoples perspectives then we would be blinded by our own self-importance, and of course unable to write TOK essays which att empt to consider more than one viewpoint! Through exploring these alternate perspectives, we can see that even acts of service can be thought selfish based on intent in Christianity, whereas in Scientology selfishness might simply mean confidence in self. However, despite their differences, both moral codes validate that humans can be considered selfish by nature regardless of how one acts, because it is a matter of personal perception and interpretation. If that is so, is it actually selfish for us to seek truth about this statement, when our motives are based on innate curiosity and ambition? Words (excl. footnotes): 984

Spanish Colonialism and Puerto Rican Identity :: Latin America American History

Spanish Colonialism and Puerto Rican Identity In order to understand the current situation of Puerto Ricans one must look at their history and retrace the sequence of events that led to the current formation of the Puerto Rican people. An important component of this history is the time Puerto Rico spent under Spanish rule. Studying this portion of Puerto Rican history forces us to acknowledge the contribution the Spaniards, European immigrants, and African slaves had on Puerto Rican identity as we consider it today. This also addresses contemporary debates on Puerto Rican identity. An example of this is evident in an essay written by Jose Luis Gonzales entitled "Puerto Rico : Th Four Storied Country". In the article Gonzales points out what he feels is a disregard toward the African contribution to the Puerto Rican identity. He argues that the first Puerto Ricans were black , based on his interpretation that Africans were the first group to come to Puerto Rico and reproduce who did not have ties to a "motherland" because they were slaves. This is unlike the Spaniard elites and Criolles that demonstrated their commitment and loyalty to Spain. Since they had no other place to go, Puerto Rico was their motherland. Gonzalez also points out that the culture of a region is always the culture of the elite, not the popular culture. Culture of the elite refers to the national culture while popular culture refers to that of non-elites. Therefore the African contribution is often ignored or forgotten about because they were of a lower class. Critics against Gonzales' argument claim that he exaggerates the contribution of Afro-Puerto Ricans,and the importance of race, class and ethnicity. Gonzales uses the metaphor of a four storied building to express the idea of Puerto Rican identity. At the foundation of this building are the natives of the island Boriquen which are the Taino Indians. Every floor that is added to this building represents a wave of foreigners that came to the island. The first floor is representative of the Spaniards that came to colonize the island, along with the slaves they brought with them, and the interaction these groups had the Taino Indians.

Homeless essay Essay

Most homeless people are responsible for their own problems. Do you agree? In this essay I will be pointed out facts about the homeless people in London and I will be analysing if it is there fault for being homeless or our fault. There are thousands of people who roam around the streets of London looking for a patch to sleep and somewhere to eat. Children and adults leave there houses because of family problems and many more scenarios. There are many people living around the streets of London and the world. They face problems that force them to leave there home and the majority of the time it is because of money problems and family problems. They leave houses to travel the streets and live in alleyways and face the whether which can turn bad in the winter. The question that I will investigate is it their fault that there homeless. The majority of homeless people are homeless because it has been their fault. Their problems that they have faced have pushed them to leave home and loose any luxuries they had. Any homeless people do not even try to gain a job to support them in any way. Many people think that they should get a job as many do have some qualifications that can help them. This is a sign of being lazy which cannot benefit them in any way and they deserve to be homeless if they act in this way. They clanger ways to get moneys from people by begging in crowded areas and doing an act to endure people to give money. This is the easy route out and if homeless people do this then no simperfy should be given. More than three hundred thousand was given to beggars over a period of two months n London and was spent on drugs and alcohol. This is a good example of why no money should be given to beggars, as they will only harm themselves and people around them. Many homeless people by the drugs because they fell that they have nothing and drugs might be a way to get a boost to survive day-to-day life on the streets. Many homeless people refuse shelter because they think that they can get by without them. This is a sign of being shellfish and people shouldn’t tolerate it. Many immigrants flee to the UK because they think that it is their escape route out of their country because of poverty or war. They come into this country and such onto our money that has been give. They stay homeless for a while and as soon as a chance comes they will take it. They should get out and get a job because it will help them and maybe their future family. Many homeless people who have no options available to them do drastic things to gain some money to support them for the day or week. Many professional all beggars get eighty pounds a day, which is tax-free. This is ridiculous as it is more than people get in a day for going out and doing work. This is a prime example as to why money shouldn’t be given to them. Some homeless people who want to get out of the situation cannot because they are too lazy to find out information about numbers to call for help such as childline and social services. There is an magazine that can help the homeless it is called the big issue and it aim to help the homeless by telling them what to do and numbers to call. It is a big help for people who want to get out of the situation. It is a free paper and could get homeless people back on a property. I think that some homeless people are to blame themselves, as they do not want help of any sort. In this part of the investigation I will be analysing the support side to this argument. There is another side to which I think that is to be announced about homeless people. The things that have happened to them are not their fault. This problem could of happened to anyone. This is why there are many charities open to help the homeless who will provide food and a shelter for them to sleep in. the big issue is a big help. Keith smith at thebig issue agrees that it is not fair to tell people that they mustn’t give money to beggars. The government has made a good contribution to this case, as ninety two per cent of families are now living in tempary accommodation in a good maintained house with a bath, bedrooms and living room. The government hopes to get as many homeless people into homes by 2010. This is a great achievement for the people who want to move home. There are many groups that go into the streets and provide food and shelter to the homeless. People should give money to charities because it will have more of an effect as if you give it to the homeless in person they could just by drugs or alcohol with it. I think in my judgement that homeless people are not to blame, as they cannot help was has happened to them. They need help, which is provided by different services. A small amount of money is all that is needed to support them. With a new priminister in power I think that he will tackle the problem in a quick way. He could bring the time from 2010 to now which could help the homeless even more.

Fast Food Nation Discussion Questions

He is shocked that the greatest power house in t e world has this disease in it's system and it is right under our noses. 2. Believe that the primary goal Closer had in writing this book is exposing a America the fries, burgers, pizzas, subs, that we consume isn't what we think t is. The chicken, cows, and pigs aren't raised on a farm, slaughtered humanely, thro ugly inspected, packaged, and appears on our plates with a nice wrapper around it . He wanted us to be aware that this industry is doing everything in their power to exploit innocent workers, helpless animals, and the system with power and politics. Ink Closer is hoping for America to open their eyes and realize what is really g Long on around them. He wants to see any change, not drastic changes but slowly chaw Eng things. He might expect us to spread this information to anyone that hasn't re ad this book. To spread the info he gave to us to anyone that isn't aware of what is go ins on in their local fast food restaurants. 3 . He kind of depicts an American culture that seems to be oblivious of what is g Ongoing on and just wants to consume, consume, and consume.He kind of writes about transition of a culture where everything was made from scratch and hard word k paid off. No short cuts were taken. Nothing was ‘fast?' just quality food. (pigs 18, 1 7, 46, 50) He described American Farmers as a dying species, businessmen as money hung children as exploited adolescents, general working public as being manipulate d, and the eating public as an unaware audience. 4. The tone of Chlorate's text is subtle yet stern. I would classify this book as outstretching, dark, heartrending and informative.I honestly do not b live that anywhere in the book there was a hopefulness or optimism. It just seem to get darker and darker the more you read on. He asserts his opinion in sections like and Potatoes, The Most Dangerous Job, Your Trusted friends. Yes there are SE actions that are less/ or more biased. (Kenny pig 186, Sharp Knives pig 1 72, A Broken Link pig 146) 5. The effect of these stories is to have us feel connected in a way with them. Like e we know them personally, and understand and feel what they been through, and they are included to give us a generalization of how long these industries have been d Long these things.

Challenges and Suggestions that British and American Government faced after the Second World War

Challenges and Suggestions that British and American Government faced after the Second World War Winston Churchill’s speech has been dedicated to the analysis of the past events happened in the course of the Second World War as well as the challenges and problems arisen from constrains people had to overcome. The speech was promoted as an opposition manifest toward the tyranny, deterrence and war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges and Suggestions that British and American Government faced after the Second World War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instead, the primary focus was made on the necessity to propagandize democracy, freedom of speech, and strength of mind. Awareness of existing threats, according to Churchill, was the only way to understand and estimate the economic, political, and social situation occurred to the US and British government. Churchill’s speech starts with the consideration of the past problems and challenges that people suffer from, the sacrifices they should make , as well as the solutions they should provide to overcome the consequences of military actions. In order to overcome these problems, the British politician insists on the necessity to singly out clearly the purposes, to grant simplicity of the decisions made, and declare the human rights and freedoms on the threshold of the forthcoming American Democracy. Introducing the main features of a peaceful and democratic society, Churchill strives to advance the penetration of the British government to a more civilized community that will be accountable for their decisions and strategies within the country. While speaking of the American government, Churchill states that it also faces similar problems in the face of the forthcoming Cold War. Particular reference has been made to the analysis of challenges connected with the development of the nuclear power that was in question after the termination of the Second World War. The secret development of the weapons of mass structure was on the agenda during this time and, therefore, Churchill considers it a priority to keep this secret knowledge away from the International organizations. Being under the influence of war, the political and ideological activist believes that the country should be on guard on the ongoing change to stand the opposition and promote democratic policies. The development of powerful weapon can ensure citizen’s safety and security from the established tyranny in the world. As Churchill reports, the society’s â€Å"†¦supreme task and duty is to guard the homes of the common people from the horrors and miseries of another war† (2). In this respect, the speaker is specifically concerned with the dangers and threats that might come outside the country.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to overcome the challenges of war, the Britain activist also proposes to equip the United Nations Organizations with an international armed force. In addition, sheriffs and constable should also be introduced to take control of magistrates and courts. Such a position proves the necessity to proclaim the principle of liberty and human rights that constitute â€Å"joint inheritance of the English-speaking world† (Churchill 3). These principles are also implemented into the American Declaration of Independence that also stands the utmost freedoms and rights. In conclusion, it can be stated that Churchill was anxious about implementing radical principles for promoting democracy, equality, security, and human rights. Overcoming the consequences of the Second World War, the British politician places a strong emphasis on the necessity to introduce greater responsibilities and duties for promoting the concepts of security and safety which is possible with the implementation of armed forces development. Churchill, Winston. Sinews of Peace (Iron Curtain). Misso uri: Westminster College.

Resistance during the Transatlantic Slave Trade Essay

Resistance during the Transatlantic Slave Trade - Essay Example The resistances in Africa were defensive, offensive and protective in nature3. These were meant not only to discourage the Europeans from getting more slaves from Africa but to somehow send a message to the Western world that slavery is really unnatural and that no one has the right to declare that a person can be someone’s property.  Some resistances in African in the 18th century were in the form of relocation, particularly by the West Africans. As the market for slaves increased, many West Africans tried to look for areas that were less accessible to the slave traders. These Africans moved to lake areas where it was difficult for the invaders to cross4. Nevertheless, although some were spared through this way, there was no stopping the European invaders from getting more slaves from Africa.  Another strategy of Africans is by architectural means like building homes and villages with labyrinths, as well as high walls and several points of ingress or entry points, and egr ess or exit points5. This further confused the slave traders as most of them did not know how labyrinths worked. There were no reports, however, regarding the true effectiveness of these architectural works in preventing European invaders from capturing slaves.  Aside from these, there were also protective strategies like captive redemption, or the system of helping each other avoid slavery by using cash protection. Mostly, these were secret societies like those of the Efik and Ekpe, although they were able to help protect the African slave traders6. Still, just like the other previously mentioned strategies, there was no way to account for the effectiveness of captive redemption. After all, it obviously could not accommodate everyone. There were protective strategies but there were also offensive ones. The offensive forms of resistance included several rebellions in Africa itself. Among these were the Mandingo Rebellion in Mali and Niger from 1785-1796, the Hubbu Rebellion in Guinea in the 1850s, and the Bilali Rebellion in Sierra Leone from 1838-1872. These were all armed resistances that helped resist slavery and assert the freedom of the Africans from slavery7. Other offensive strategies included forming alliances among communities in order to protect people from the slave traders; Africans deliberately dropping poisoned food, wine and water along the paths of the European slave traders for an obvious purpose; and young men undergoing military training in order to be able to protect their communities8. The problem is that in many parts of Africa, all cultural and religious movements instituted to counter transatlantic slavery were brutally quelled by the government. One example of this was the Congolese

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions Dissertation

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions - Dissertation Example I would first like to thank my tutor who offered valued and constructive advice on how to put this piece of work together. I would like to thank my family for allowing me the space to work and contributed through support for this endeavour. I would also like to thank the University for contributing significantly to my education to get me the point of being able to complete this work. Contents Contents Contents 5 Figures 7 Abstract 8 Chapter One: Introduction 9 1.1 Background 9 1.2 Aim and Objectives 10 1.2.1 Aims 10 1.2.2 Objectives 10 1.3 Research Design 11 1.3.1 Theoretical Frameworks 11 1.3.2 Purpose of the Study 12 1.4 Structure of Study 12 Chapter Two: Literature Review 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Brand 14 2.2.1 Brand Equity 15 2.2.2 Brand Mythology 18 2.2.3 Global Brand Power 20 2.2.4 Brand Extensions 21 2.3 Consumer Behaviour 23 2.3.1 Attitude Theory 25 2.3.2 Expectancy Value Theory 26 2.4 Summary 26 Chapter Three: Methodology 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Research 29 3.2.1 Resear ch Questions 29 3.2.2 Secondary Research 30 3.2.3 Primary Research 30 3.2.4 Questionnaires/Surveys 31 3.2.5 Sampling 32 3.2.6 Pilot Study 33 3.3 Research Study 34 3.3.1 Research Subject 34 3.3.2 Data Analysis 34 3.3.3 Limitations 35 3.4 Ethics 36 3.5 Summary 36 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 37 4.1Introduction 37 4.2 Quantitative Research 38 4.2 1 Demographics 38 4.2.2 Questionnaire Results 39 4.3 Qualitative Research 45 4.3.1 Group Interview 45 4.3.2 Observation 49 4.4 Discussion 50 4.5 Summary 51 Chapter Five: Conclusion 52 5.1 Introduction 52 5.2 Motivating Consumers 53 5.3 Decision Making Process 55 5.4 Responses to New Products 56 5.5 Reputation 56 5.6 Consumer Types 58 5.7 Consumer Attitudes 59 References 61 Appendixes 63 Appendix 1: Questionnaire 63 Appendix 2: Interview Questions 66 Figures Fig. 1 Stakeholder Journey (Fisher-Buttinger and Valaster 2003: 206) Fig. 2 Brand Extension Longevity from Originating Product (Kapferer 2008: 334) Fig 3 Male to Female Ratio compar ed to Male to Female Brand Buying Habits Fig. 4 Trust in a Brand Fig 5 Meaning Associated with using a Brand Name Fig 6 Comparison of Trust and Meaning of a Brand Name Abstract The following paper has been written in order to explore the nature of consumer attitudes towards brand extension. The research has been conducted through a mixed methodology with quantitative research conducted through a questionnaire format, and qualitative research conducted through both a group interview format and a period of observation on the response to brand extensions within a retail venue. The results show that while consumers wish to believe that each product is assessed purely on its own merits, the truth of their experience is that they will more likely try a new product that is brought onto the market by a trusted brand than one that has a brand name that is unfamiliar, even if it is the same product. As well, a product that merely carries a brand name, but without attributes of any of the prod ucts that are carried by that brand, will be suspect and will not have the same power. It is the conclusion of this research that a brand extension provides a powerful resource for expanding a business if done with the power and equity built by that brand in consideration of relatable attributes.

Anotated Biography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anotated Biography - Research Paper Example He presents his experiment on the cadets of Israeli Air force flight school to support his argument. The paper gives an experimental insight into the use of simulation in training which will help develop a methodology for research Gonzales and Cathcart give a factual account of how human nature adapts itself to learning. What are the problems encountered and how the brain evolves eventually? This will be very useful in the literature review of our research as it will help find a co-relation between development and simulation/training. Salas explains how PC-based simulation games can be used to exploit the student’s cognitive skills in various real world domains. This work will be helpful in the research as it seeks to provide various ways in which simulation can be used in training teachers. The paper explores the use of PC-Based simulations in air crew coordination. How valid it is, how safe it is and in what way is it better. It provides some valid points which will be useful in the research. In this paper Kincaid draws comparison between the effectiveness of tradition and simulation based training in medicine. He and his colleagues came to this conclusion that simulation and simulators are being used without regard for cognition, design and training. This will be very useful in the critical analysis part of the paper. In this paper Kincaid draws comparison between the effectiveness of tradition and simulation based training in medicine. He and his colleagues came to this conclusion that simulation and simulators are being used without regard for cognition, design and training. This will be very useful in the critical analysis part of the paper. Kohn, Linda, T, Carrigan, , & Janet, (2000). To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health Sys-tem, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Retrieved 15th July 2010, from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9728&page=R1 This is a detailed elaborate

Business Modeling Essay Example for Free

Business Modeling Essay Ted Ralley is working on conducting a forecast for the upcoming year for an automobile part company. The data that will be used for this research has been collected from the quarterly sales from the previous four years. Ted wants to determine what is most accurate way to determine the forecast for 2008. The model should also help determined if the economic situation and oil prices are affecting significantly the sales of the company. The two models that were provided were thoroughly analyzed to determine which model was the most appropriate to utilize. These models were a regression model with factors, seasons and an additive Holt-Winters model. The forecasts also show that there is a significant change in the sales with the economic hardship and oil prices. It was concluded that the Regression with Econometric Variables would be the best method to use to forecast the sales for 2008, estimating a 255,927,955 for that year. Background With the economy continuously deteriorating everyone seems to be getting hurt financially, even the automotive industry, which has deepening the economic recession. Automotive part suppliers continued to experience heavy debt and overcapacity caused by production cuts by automakers, specifically including the big 3 (Ford Motor Company, General Motors and Chrysler). The suppliers  are also being pressed by higher energy and input materials’ costs. It has been determined by Industry analyst that automotive companies that accounted for more than $72 billion in sales have filed for chapter 11 protections in 2008. The number of Bankruptcies will continue to rise as the years go by. Domestically, Losing the big 3 to U.S affiliates of foreign- based manufacturers and imports in 2008 have caused a dramatic 50% drop in the market share. Most US suppliers are dependent on these three companies aforementioned. U.S suppliers are currently facing the challenge of penetrating automakers’ supply chains, mostly because these relationships have been long-established with home-market supplies. Ted Ralley is the director of a marketing research for a manufacturer of spare automobiles parts and it’s working on conducting a forecast for the upcoming year. Ted is aware of the forecasting errors and how costly they can be which is why these numbers must be as accurate as possible. In order to perform this forecast, Ted has collected the data on quarterly sales for the previous four years and ran several forecasts using time series forecasting methods. Ted noticed that economic activity and oil prices have impacted significantly the auto part sales and decided that the forecast will be more accurate using econometric variables. Problem Will the econometric variables be a better predictor of sales for the coming year, given the current economic activity and oil prices? Analysis This analysis consisted of the evaluation of the regression model with factors, seasons and the additive Holt-Winters method to generate an accurate forecast of how econometric variables have affected the Auto Parts industry. The analysis involved calculating the errors metrics for the three models (mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), MAPE and Theils’ U-statistics (U)) and comparing them against each other. The error metrics were calculated by using the formulas shown below: Table 1.1 Error Metrics Formulas: After studying the data provided it could be determined that there is an upward trend with obvious seasonality. Another factor that played a role in these regressions was the removal of the first two years in order to meet Holt-Winters method guidelines. The first regression was conducted using  Factors was generated by utilizing the data that provided by Ted Ralley from a large manufacturer of spare auto parts for automobiles. The data consisting of the quarterly sales for the previous four years was the dependent variables and independent variables consisted of Time, quarter 2, quarter 3, quarter 4. In this regression quarter 1 was removed in order to avoid over forecasting and binary coding was used to generate dummy factors. After the regression was completed, the independent variables were tested to determine their significance, which was done by performing a regression on the data through Microsoft Excel. Quarter 4 was removed from the model due to the fact that it was statis tically insignificant. This was determined by using backward elimination, which means, a variable that has a P-Value that is greater than .05, is considered insignificant and should be removed from the data and a new regression should be completed. The results from the new regression, shown below, have a P-Value less than .05 being sufficient to reject the null hypothesis (Ha). A very strong positive linear correlation between sales and all the independent variables combined with a 95.47%, leaving an unexplained variance of 4.53 is also demonstrated. According to the textbook â€Å"the most common measure of overall fit is the coefficient of determination (R2)†. Another important measure is the â€Å"standard error (Se), which is derived from the sum of squared residuals for n observations and k predictors† (Poane, Seward, 2013). A smaller Se Indicates a better fit, in this case the Se will be off by around 3.9 million. The coefficients used to run the forecast for 2008 are the following: intercept coefficient + coefficient time x time 1 plus coefficient q2* code for Q2 dummy variable for q2 + plus coefficient q3. Square error was used to find the magnitude of the error; the absolute value of the error to the sale s was found and then preceded to calculate to numerator. Numerator and denominator will be calculated in other to use Thiels’ U. Numerator was calculated as follow: difference between sales minus the sale of initial sale (difference q1-2 sales) /divided by q1 and squared. Bibliography Poane, D., Seward, L. E. (2013). Business Modeling Customized Readings for QNT5040. : Mc Graw Hill Education. Microsoft Office Excel. (2007). Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Albright, Winston Zappe (2010). Business Modeling, Selections from 4e – QNT 5040 (4th ed.). Mason: Cengage Learning. Aczel,A Sounderpandian,J (2009). Complete Business Statistics 7th edition (592). : Mc Graw Hill Education. U.S. Automotive Parts Industry Annual Assessment. (2009, April 1). . Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http://trade.gov/mas/manufacturing/OAAI/build/groups/public/@tg_oaai/documents/webcontent/tg_oaai_003759.pdf

An analysis of Criminology and its history

An analysis of Criminology and its history Legally speaking, a crime is an act that is punishable by law. A person is called criminal who has committed such a legally prohibited act. But still there are some other criteria based on which a person is determined as a criminal or not a criminal. Criminology is considered a the scientific study which relates both the individual and society to the criminal behavior, including the nature, extent, causes, and control of this behavoir. Since Criminology is fueled from different field like behavioral sciences, sociologists(especially the sociology of deviance) , social anthropologists and law therefore it is an interdisciplinary field in these academic fields[1]. In 1885, an Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo was the first one who coined the term criminology as criminologia. But later, analogous French term criminologie was used by French anthropologist Paul Topinard around the same time[1] Since Criminology is a related to crime therefore questions come in ones mind that what is crime? Why and what reasons make people to commit crimes and is there any way to stop crime from being committed? Every day criminologists ask these kinds of questions, and some other questions that are similar to these. Criminology is a continuously growing field, because every day philosophers come up with new theories and research that link people, society and crime. The main field of criminology has many subfields that contain a number of different theories and philosophies, where they provide a link among criminal, crime and criminal behavior. Classical Criminology and Positivist Criminology are the two main criminology perspectives. Today the field of criminology is made up of these two basic theories and some other theories (like them) and they all collaborate together to provide theoretical framwork that relates both the individual and society to the criminal behavior. [2] History : In the mid-17th century, criminology came into existence when social philosophers started thinking about the crime and concepts of law[1] (3) Historically criminologists have written very little about the subject of philosophy. Similarly the philosophers have not written much about the crime and criminology field. Due to which, an implicit gap is created betwwen philosophy and criminology which has been absent either in the theoretical assumption of criminologists or in the more general metaphysical , ethical and legal writing of philosopher. However, one thing is sure throughout the history that law and justice were the most important concerns of the philosophers (e.g. Solomon and Murphy1990; Friedrich 1963). Many of the most important philosophers minds, from Plato, Thomas Aquinas and Saint Augustine, to Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Beccaria, have dealt with the complexities of social obligation, social offence, social control and societal response to crime openly and intensely. Indeed, crime, as it seems, was never considered properly as philosophical issue. But , at various points in time in the historical, one can find that the subject of criminal behavior was considered by the philosophy, medical philosophy, theology and as well as by ethics where it was considered as a subset of immoral conduct,. But still crime was remained noticeably absent from the most important philosophical theories that is the general ontological, epistemological, ethical and aesthetical analysis. These theories might suggest new viewpoints and different directions for its general comprehension as well as specific applications of it in law and justice studies. Similarly the field fo philosophy and its corresponding intellectual subfields (i-e ontological, epistemological, ethical and aesthetical) never considered the criminological concerns properly. Therefore criminology evolved into a increasingly interdisciplinary as an independent field having its own scholars and practitioners where philosophy and criminology were regarded as distinct and unrelated subject perhaps. But still it can be seen that crimilogy and philosophy were related to each other in number of ways and the junction of crimilogy and philosophy were described by scholars in both camps. The aim is not to fill the gap between the two. But the above discussion is provided in order to understand how the two field were dealt before and how they created a relation to each other. Note: Due to the time limitation and number of pages I have to write (10 pages at most), I will only discuss some of the important theories that have great influence on the criminology. Now First, I will concentrate on how the concept and study of crime developed through the history by considering its progress from ancient times to the Middle Ages, then to the modernity and more recently to the postmodernity. In this essay my aim is explain different ways that how the philosophers, from philosophy field, has address the issue of crime. Also how such conceptions have been used to broader intellectual and social transformation. Secondly we will see that how the philosophy is introduced into criminology field. Crime in philosophy: For many years, philosophy and social science were one and the same. The philosophers associated with psychology , sociology and criminology( called psychologist, sociologist, and criminologists of ancient times) and from the Middle Ages were confined to these fields because they entertained only those sort of questions which were related to their specific field. It was then that these sorts of questions, during the subsequent historical periods, became a part of specific academic disciplines (Rosenberg 1988) [] Therefore after the affiliation of the criminology with different disciplines, the philosophers, of these disciplines, started to examine the essential questions of crimilogy that is what is crime , Why and what reasons make people to commit crimes, why certain people have a criminal behavior , and how system of justice should take action against the lawbreakers. When we look at most of the books on criminology or criminological theory, they begin their historical description from the Cesare Beccaria (Beccaria 1764) philosophy. [] Until then, throughout the years of Western philosophy, crime, law and justice were at least implicit topics that precede him. Criminology and its Philosophical consideration can be traced back to Plato at least, and after this era comes the Middle Ages where the criminology became the subject of theological concerns , later entered to the cause-effect discourse of modernity through the meditative thinking of Beccaria and Bentham. After the modernity it entered to the scientific discourse of the early biological positivists and then finally to the postmodernity. Although crime is social fact, but still the particular realities of crime are relative to time and place. Therefore whatever speculation, implicit or explicit, might be derived from Plato or Kant, the philosophy of crime in ancient Greece or 18 century German was radically different in western world from what we find today. Midlle Age: In Middle Ages, there was a profound influence of the theology on human conceptualization of the world (e.g. Hyman and Walsh 1983; Solomon and Higgins 1996). []The Middle Ages observed the end of the Greek-inspired crime as vice philosophy and thereafter the theological-inspired crime as sin philosophy was emerged. Both human world and social life, throughout the Middle Ages, were considered to be characterized by a constant struggle where the forces of good and evil were uneven and were against one another. There was only one important respect the soul ,in which the Middle Ages was different. The soul was associated more directly to the supernatural power(Dilman 1999; Kenny 1980). []For example according to St. Thomas Aquinas, the soul was gift from God, implanting within humans a likeness to His ultimate reason. Therefore, a sinful disobedience shows a failure to responsibly use God-gifted powers of reason and choice. Crime-as-evil took place due to the human appetites, towards worldly pleasures, were tempted by the demon to defeat our conscience embodied in our God-given soul (Enstadter and Henry 1995, p 34-35). [] Rational hedonism ( the emergence of modernity) The philosophical thinking about crime law and justice remained the same until 17th and 18th centuries, and during these centuries a significant shift in the philosophical thinking about the crime, criminal behavior and justice occurred. The general intellectual environment of the Enlightment and the criminological cohesion in the legal philosophies of Beccaria (1763) and Bentham (1996) were the origin for this philosophical shift. It is understood that the modern criminology started in mid 18th century. Since the classicism presented the criminology in perspective of human nature and behavior which was largely free of theological influence, and therefore established the locus of crime in individual thoughts and reasons instead. Which means that the classicism philosophical thinking, which was rooted in the principle of rationality, highlights personal responsibility, free choice, and hedonistic calculation, rather than putting the human nature and behavior, which was only confined t o the supernatural power determination or related to the external struggle that existed between the forces of good and evil. The utilitarian philosophical thinking of the classicism is considered a metaphysical departure from metaphysical philosophy that was largely inspired form the theology field of the Middle Ages. (6)most of the people are frightened when they first come across with theory, but still we use theories on daily basis. In our daily life we contact with many things therefore we all make assumptions about things.Theories devise some logical constructions in order to explain the natural phenomena. Although sometimes these phenomena are not observable directly, but still can be refuted or supported by some empirical findings. Therefore hypotheses are used to create a relation between theory and empirical research.And these hypotheses are testable suggestions that are logically derived from theories. The testable part of every theory is very significant because scientific hypotheses should be capable of being accepted or rejected(6). Classical: (6) Classical criminology was presented in a reaction to the barbaric system of law, justice and punishment that existed before 1789. It emphasizes largely on human rationality and free will. The Classical School was more interested in law-making and legal processing rather than studying criminals. This school of thought believed that engagement in any crime was because of the total free will and that individuals evaluated the consequences of their actions. Therefore to prevent people from committing any crime or criminal activity, Punishment is made and it must be larger than the enjoyment of criminal gains. That is why rather than defining the criminal behavior, the classical school emphasized more on the legal definition of crime. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) were the two famous writers during this classical period, both were the leaders of the movement to human rights and free will(6). The Enlightment paradigm more emphasized on the free will , and selfdetermination in human behavoiur and knowledge form which the classical paradigm appeared . Since the Classical theory of philosophy, in criminology, is emerged from the 18th century theories presented by English philosopher, Jeremy Bentham and an Italian economist, Cesare Beccaria (Hollin, 2004, 2). Therefore at time in history the punishment for crime was severe, and both of the philosopher presented the theory of utility. At that time the causes of criminal and delinquent behavior of the human was looked by new theorists (like Beccaria and Bentham) , and started explaining such deviance scientifically (Juvenile, 2005, 71). Theories such as naturalism and demonology, which were presented by the European Enlightenment paradigm as explanations for these behaviors, were rejected by those theorists. So these new theories were more related to the philosophy of rationalism and humanitarianism of the Age of Enlightenment Beccaria did not present an entirely new theory in the field of criminology, but rather he wanted to make a more rational punishment for a crime (Classic, 2001). He believed that the punishments should be in hierarchal form depending on the number of times a criminal had been charged previously and more on the severity, and seriousness of the crimes. He believed that conditions under which the death penalty was given should completely depend on the severity of the crime and it should not depend on actual act committed or the level of involvement in the act. In 1764 his book An Essay on Crimes and Punishment was published , in which he discussed that why crime occurs and what is the role of society in committing such crimes. (4)He argued that all the people should be treated equally by the law and to avoid the misuse of judicial power then the punishments for particular crimes must be standardized by legislatures. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), another classical theorist like Beccaria also argued that humans are rational beings who make choices by exercising their free will. Thus,both of these philosophers argued that a pain involved in the potential punishment for a crime must be greater than any pleasure in that crime in order to stop the people from commiting such a crime for that pleasure. (6) Utilitarianism was the major concern of Bentham. He believed that individuals are more concerned about the probabilities of the present and future pleasures rather than considering their pains in present and future time. Therefore he believed that human calculators are calculators that act acooring to calculations, and that they use a sort of mathematical equation for all factors to make a decision whether to commit an illegal act or not. The law is made to make all people happy happiness at all and so that they can live a pleasurable life, on the other hand punishment creates unhappiness but a justification for this punishment is that it prevents greater evil that it produces as a consequence(6). The early nineteenth century criminologists stated that the philosophy of legal punishments presented by the classical school did not adequately consider the generally varying circumstances of those who were involved in criminal justice system. Therefore , theses criminologists argued that those people who are unable to differentiate between right and wrong, especially children and mentally ill persons, must not be punished with the same punishment for the crime as normal and mentally capable adults who had committed the same crimes are punished. Along with the contributions from the positivists,a later generation of criminologists, these philosopher argued that the punishment for a crime must fit the criminal, not the crime itself (4). (8) The criminal justice policies were greatly changed by Beccarias theory, especially in France, and it was expected that it would soon decrease the crime rate. But actually this was not found in any way whether this occurred or not, because there were no statistics about annual crime rate to measure whether it was going up or down. In 1827 about sixty years after Beccaria wrote his book, France published its first annual national crime statistics. These statistics showed clearly that crime rate were surprisingly regular. The crime rates for general and for specific crimes such as rape and murder remained the same from year to year. Also, some regions in the country had higher crime rates than some other regions and these differences also remained the same from year to year. The new crime statistics clearly exposed that the classical punishment policies and philosophy are failed in stopping the crime form being committed, and at the same time these suggested that there were some other factors in the society that had a greater influence on the crime in society. Due to this shift in philosophical thinking gave birth to a new paradigm of criminology, which was known as positivism. The aim of this paradigm was to study the causes of crime either in the individual or in the larger society (8). Mazoor (3) Positivism: (4)Later, the positivist school of thought in the field of criminology introduces a scientific approach to the field of criminology,and they also included the biological and medical findings in this appraoch. In the 19th century, the positivist school of thought came into existence due to the scientific revolution, especially Charles Darwin discoveries and following scientific advancements. A search for the most important and basic questions about human beings and the universe around them was started and presented by using the objective science, instead of using religious and theological beliefs or arm-chair philosophy. (6) Positivists, unlike the classical philosophers , wanted to explain the universe around them objectively. The positivist presented the deterministic view of the world, to explain the criminal behavior rather considering the legal issues, and believed that the crime could be prevented through the treatment of offenders or through the or reformation of the offenders. They observed that the biological, psychological, and social qualities determined the criminal behavior. Therefore the positivists were interested in use of scientific techniques to study those behaviors. Data was collected using these scientific techniques to explain different types of social and individuals phenomena. The positivist used the theory evolution, formed by naturalists and anthropologists, to the study criminal behavior of human beings. The focus of positivism was on systematic observations and the accumulation of evidences and objective facts within a deductive frame work, therefore moving from a more general statement to a more specific one(6). Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 (Darwin 1859), in which he stated that Humans were the same general kind of creatures as the rest of the animals, except that they were more highly evolved or developed. After the Darwinian theory, it was started to understand human beings as creatures whose behavior was influenced by biological and cultural background instead of self-determined human beings who acted according to their free will.[16] This was the time that the first scientific studies of crime and criminal behavior started to begin. Positivism describes a method of inquiry that tries to find answers to those questions that are related to the criminal behavoir which is scientific method. The researcher observes the empirical facts of the real world by testing hypotheses to reach the ultimate truth and derives laws for their reseach work (e.g.the law of relativity). The the social sciences appreciated this kind of mode of inquiry, presented by positivist, largely through the work of August Comte (1798-1857) who is often called the founder of positivism as wel as the founder of the sociology discipline. Comte stated that theological, metaphysical, and positive or scientific are the three stages through which the knowledge passes. The scientific or positivist is considered the highest or final stage of knowledge, and through this stage of knowledge the human beings are able to find out regularities among different social phenomena to establish the predictability and control[17 (5). (5) However, the big breakthrough in the positivist criminology came when an Italian doctor Cesare Lombroso published his book Criminal Man in 1876 which earned him title of the father of criminology(5). Cesare Lombroso), was the leading philosopher of positivist school thought who (6) used the concept of determinism to replace the philosophy of free will and rationality(6). Lombroso, Influenced by Darwinian theory of evolution, started to calculate the physical features of prisoner and concluded that specific physical characteristics, such as skeletal, cranial, and neurological malformations were more corelated to the criminal behavoir. (5)In his work, Lombroso discuseed the biological aspects of the criminal behavior, and stated that since the physical characteristics determine the criminal behavoir therefore a criminal is born that way and can be differentiated from non-criminals according to these physical characteristics. Lombroso called them stigmata or characteristics. Lombrosos work was the beginning of the positivist criminology and then it is subdivided into different fields. Today biology (began with Lombroso), psychology, and sociology there are three major fields of positivist criminology. Thus, biological positivism describes the criminal within the individual by considering its physical structure; psychological positivism locates the causes by considering the personality development; whereas the sociological positivism sees the causes by looking at the social factors and social structure(5).[21] In late-nineteenth-century, another school of thought came into existence, called cartographic school, who developed statisticians work in field of criminology, and analyzed this data on population and crime. The French philosopher Lambert Adolphe Quetelet, (1796-1874), and Belgium philosopher Andrà © Michel Guerry belonged to this school of thought,. Both of these researchers collected the detailed statistical information about the crime and criminal behavior and also tried to identify and find out the circumstances that made the people to commit crime. A philosopher named Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) also had a great influence on criminology. Durkheim presented the hypothesis about the criminal behavior of people and argued that it is a normal part of all societies. He also argued that there is no such society in this world who have absolute uniformity of moral consciousness. There is some deviancy in all societies, and that includes the criminal deviance too, or otherwise they will stagnate. Durkheim also mentioned the ways in which modern and industrial societies play differed role in building the criminal behavior from those societies that were nonindustrial. Individuals in industrial societies possesses a behavior called anomie by Durkheim which is a Greek word meaning without norms. Therefore the modern societies needed to develop specialized and specific laws and criminal justice systems that were not important in early societies in order to control behavior. Sociology and Criminology In the twentieth century, the most influential approach in the field of criminology was the sociological approach to criminology, which was concerned to the study of social behavior, systems, and structures. Further it was divided into social-structural and social-process approaches in relation to criminology. Social-Structural Criminology This approaches to criminology inspect the related social circumstances and structures that have a great influence on the criminal behavior. In the 1920s and 1930s , an ecological school of criminology, was developed, through the work of Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and other urban sociologists at the University of Chicago which is known as Chicago school thought. (6) Human behavior was the main focus of the Chicago school thought, which was determined by social and physical environmental factors, instead of genetic or personal characteristics. The school believed that community was the main factor in the societies that effected human behavior and that the city functioned as a microcosm. An empirical sociology was developed by researchers from this school of thought, in order to study humans behavior in their natural environment rather than looking at their social environment. Data related to individual cases combined with population statistics was collected by these theorists which constructed an important information and became foundation for criminological theories of today (6). The theorists of this school also explains relationship between the crime and social and environmental change. Similarly it also tries to explain why certain regions of a city have more tendency to attract crime than its other regions. It is found by researchers that urban areas that convert from residential to business uses are mostly targeted by crime Yet there exist another school of criminology, included in social-structural approach, known as conflict school of thought. It is based on the Marxist theories of philosophy and argued that under the system of capitalism, crime was the ultimate product of conflict between different classes. The conflict theory proposes that the laws and systems of justice in society appear as a conflict instead of consensus. Laws are made by the group of people who are in power in different societies in order to control those who are not in power. Theorists of this school suggest that those who commit crimes are not basically different from the rest of the population. Therefore they maintain instead that to determine that whether a person is a criminal or not mostly depends on the society reactions toward those who deviate from accepted norms. Conflict theorists and some other theorists argue that most of the time poor people and members of minorities are considered as criminals as compare to members of the majority and wealthy individuals. In the early 1970s another philosophical thinking in criminology field came into prominence called Critical criminology ( also known as radical criminology), which was also based on the Marxism. It also tries to explain existing social upheaval. Critical criminology is based on the economic thinking and explains the criminal behavior by considering the economical aspect of the society. Theorists form this school, argues that certain inequalities exist in the economical and social aspect of the society which cause criminal behavior and make the people to commit the crime. It does not focus much on the study of individual criminals and believes that we cannot get rid of the existing crime within the capitalist system. Like the conflict school, it also declares that Laws are made by the group of people who are in power in different societies in order to control those who are not in power and that the state and its legal system exist to advance the interests of the ruling class. Postmodernity: Conclusion: (6)Aaccording to Edwin H. Sutherland, Criminology is the body of knowledge which consider the crime as a social phenomenon. And the processes of making laws, breaking laws, and the reacting toward the breaking of laws are included in the field of criminology. Criminologists have devises a number of methods of study which vary from social to behavioral sciences. Criminologists, like other scientists, also presented their theories about crime and criminal behavior over time and place. They also used various methods to discuss the characteristics of criminals, criminal behavior, and victims. Different punishments and treatments for different crimes have been presented in societies in order prevention people from committing these crimes. Simplicity or complexity of the philosophical theories depends on relationships that are made among different field in formulating these theories. The matter of truth is that we need theory so as to better understand the function of the world around us. We often recognize what we want to perceive. The behavior of human beings is very complex to study and changes as the time and values of society change, and therefore is almost abstract. Theories related to the criminology are complex, too. The theories that I discussed in this essay are from research, both past and present, which studied the criminal behavior both with systematic observation and very careful logic(6). * The purpose of these theories are not to observe the individual field of criminology in explaining the causes of criminal activity. But instead , each of the theory tried to explain the big picture of the criminal behavoir and provided ways to prevent it. Combination of theories will be the most accurate means of explaining both criminality in general and individual crimes in particular.* (7)A number of different aspects of criminal justice policy has been presented throughout the history. The Classical School of criminology presents theories that evolved from a capital punishment type of view to more humanitarian based punishment of people. Positivist criminology stresses on the control of human behavior and crimi